Microbial diversity is generally far higher than plant diversity, but the relationship between microbial diversity and plant diversity remains enigmatic. To shed light on this problem, we examined the diversity of a key guild of root-associated microbes, that is, ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi along a plant diversity gradient in a Chinese subtropical forest. The results indicated that EM fungal diversity was positively correlated with host plant diversity. Furthermore, this relationship was best predicted by host genus-level diversity, rather than species-level diversity or family-level diversity. The generality of this finding was extended beyond our study system through the analyses of 100 additional studies of EM fungal communities from tropical and temperate forests. Here as well, EM fungal lineage composition was significantly affected by EM plant diversity levels, and some EM fungal lineages were co-associated with some host plant genera. These results suggest a general diversity maintenance mechanism for host-specific microbes based on higher order host plant phylogenetic diversity. 2015-03-09 14:19:18 UTC prep SP07c The relationship between ectomycorrhizal fungi and woody plant species richness and composition Cheng Gao gaochengaob@126.com Tesfaye Wubet tesfaye.wubet@ufz.de Liang-Dong Guo guold@im.ac.cn Keping Ma, Prof. kpma@ibcas.ac.cn Gao, C., Shi, N. N., Liu, Y. X., Peay, K. G., Zheng, Y., Ding, Q., ... & Guo, L. D. (2013). Host plant genus‐level diversity is the best predictor of ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity in a Chinese subtropical forest. Molecular ecology, 22(12), 3403-3414. 2013-08-18 accepted